An analysis of the transit times of TrES-1b

The presence of a second planet in a known, transiting-planet system will cause the time between transits to vary. These variations can be used to constrain the orbital elements and mass of the perturbing planet. We analyse the set of transit times of the TrES-1 system given in Charbonneau et al. (2005). We find no convincing evidence for a second planet in the TrES-1 system from that data. By further analysis, we constrain the mass that a perturbing planet could have as a function of the semimajor axis ratio of the two planets and the eccentricity of the perturbing planet. Near low-order, mean-motion resonances (within ∼ 1% fractional deviation), we find that a secondary planet must generally have a mass comparable to or less than the mass of the Earth–showing that this data is the first to have sensitivity to sub Earth-mass planets. We compare the sensitivity of this technique to the mass of the perturbing planet with future, high-precision radial velocity measurements.